CRITICAL ISSUE 14:

Community Resilience
and Well-being

The Issue

LNG projects need in BC can be structured in ways that enhance community resilience, health and well- being. A range of issues affect community well-being, and it is important that these resilience qualities are identified by communities themselves.

Jones and Bradshaw (2015) note that environmental assessment and related permitting processes for the extractive sector have long struggled to identify and mitigate health and well-
being impacts associated with resource development, especially in northern, largely Indigenous, jurisdictions. In their view, BAs offer an opportunity to address this governance deficit, particularly when used in conjunction with tools such as Health Impact Assessments (HIAs).

The COVID-19 pandemic has also catalyzed greater interest in the “social determinants of health” research agenda, that is conducive to building a better understanding of the diverse concepts and drivers of well-being for First Nation’s communities. On this point, Jones and Bradshaw (2015) observe that health disparities have been linked to experiences of poverty, stress, trauma, cultural erosion and environmental dispossession. Despite this growing research agenda, its impact on the crafting of BAs has been minimal, as Jones and Bradshaw (2015) find in their case analysis of Indigenous participation in the Wishbone Hill HIA in Alaska and the BA signed in support of the Meadowbank Mine in Nunavut.

Extractive projects can also affect community resilience and well-being through impacts on customary and communal forms of landholding (Yapao, Godden and Pettigrove in Langton and Longbottom, 2012). Tehan and Godden (in Langton and Longbottom, 2012) conclude that the recognition of native title in Australia has had ‘a transforming effect on relationships between Indigenous Peoples and the resources sector.

Nowhere is this more evident than in agreement making about land use and access, and the bargains struck to allow this to proceed.’ An outcome and important development is the ‘changed behaviour and culture leading to negotiations beyond the strict legal requirements.’ Tehan and Godden (2012) also explain a company’s reputation and potential to gain access to other resource bodies could be diminished if it were complicit in the social disasters that result from cash distribution – or failure to save and invest – the very large sums of money that have been paid to local groups as recompense for impacts.

The expansion of Indigenous legal rights to negotiate with resource companies has also led to institution building to ensure that benefits, especially financial benefits, are distributed for the benefit of the majority. To do otherwise, as so many Indigenous and local people have discovered, is to invite social disaster, corruption and distortion of customary or traditional social organization and authority (Langton and Longbottom, 2012, 10).

Abbreviations

AEM – Agnico Eagle Mines Limited

ASDF – Ahafo Sustainable Development Forum

AWBEN – Aboriginal Women’s Business Entrepreneurship Network

BA – Benefit Agreement BC British Columbia

BCFNDGI – BC First Nations Data Governance Initiative

BMZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

BNL – Barrick Niugini Limited

BSA – Benefit Sharing Agreement

CBA – Community Benefit Agreement

CDA – Community Development Agreement

CIRNAC – Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada

DIO – Designated Inuit Organizations

EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment

EMB – Environmental Management Board

EWB-MSV – Engineers Without Borders Canada - Mining Shared Value Initiative

FNFTA – First Nations Financial Transparency Act

FNLNGA – First Nations Liquefied Natural Gas Alliance

FNNBOA – First Nations National Building Officer’s Association

FPIC – Free, Prior and Informed Consent

GIZ – German Development Agency

HIA – Health Impact Assessment

IA – Impact Assessment

IBA – Impact Benefit Agreement

ICMM – International Council on Mining and Metals

IFC – International Finance Corporation

IFI – International Financial Institution

IIBA – Innuit Impact Benefit Agreement

INAC – Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada

IOL – Inuit-Owned Lands

ISC – Indigenous Services Canada

KitIA – Kitikmeot Inuit Association

KivIA – Kivalliq Inuit Association

KLC – Kimberley Land Council

LIA – Labrador Innuit Association

LLG – Local Level Government

LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas

M&E – Monitoring and Evaluation

NADeF – Newmont Ahafo Development Foundation

NLC – Northern Land Council

NLCA – Nunavut Land Claims Agreement

NTI – Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated

OSR – Own-Source Revenue

PJV – Porgera Joint Venture

PSAB – Procurement Strategy for Aboriginal Business

QIA – Qikiqtani Inuit Association

SEMC – Socio-Economic Monitoring Committee

SML – Special Mining Lease

TCS – Tax Credit Scheme

UNDRIP – United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

Key Terms

Benefit Agreements

In this guide, the term Benefit Agreement (BA) is used as an umbrella term for agreements that vary in scope, scale, sector and types of parties to the agreement.

Depending on the emphasis, there are over 25 terms that are used to refer to the concept of benefit agreements (See Box 1). Within the literature the concept of benefit agreements (BAs) is varied and tends to be defined as a governance arrangement or as a mechanism for being a ‘good’ corporate citizen and securing a social licence to operate (Sarkar et al., 2010). Woodward & Co. and the Nanwakolas Council (2009) propose a definition that is more centred on the perspective of Indigenous Peoples:

Benefit agreements describe a written agreement that is the outcome of a consultation process about a proposed resource extraction, project or development that has the potential to impact the Aboriginal rights or interests of one or more Aboriginal groups in Canada.

Box 1: Benefit Agreements Lexicon

Accommodation Agreements

Benefits Sharing Agreements

Community Contracts

Community Development Agreements

Community Development Initiatives

Community Joint Venture Agreements

Cooperation Agreements

Development Agreements

Empowerment Agreements

Exploration Agreements

Impact Benefit Agreements

Indigenous Land Use Agreements

Interim Measures Agreements

Investment Agreements

Landowner Agreements

Market Access Agreements

Participation or Partnership Agreements

Project Support agreements

Shared Responsibilities Agreement

Social Responsibility Agreements

Social Trust Funds

Socio-economic Monitoring Agreements

Standard-setting or Certification Agreements

Indigenous

The term Indigenous is a broad term that captures First Nations, Métis and Inuit communities. It is often used now to replace Aboriginal, which is also a broad term that has been historically used to denote First Nations, Métis and Inuit, and is legally defined in section 35(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982 as follows: “In this Act, the ‘Aboriginal peoples of Canada’ includes the Indian, Inuit and Metis peoples of Canada”. The term “Indian” is a statutory term legally defined in the federal Indian Act.

For the purpose of this guide, the term Indigenous is used interchangeably with the term First Nation(s) and does not refer to Inuit or Métis. If the terms Aboriginal or Indian are used, they apply to specific policies, legislation or organizations, direct quotes from a study or publication, or the term used in a given country context.

Government /State

Reflecting language- in-use by Indigenous Peoples, the guide uses the words government and the state interchangeably. In other communities of practice and disciplines, the term “state” is understood as an organisation or political community with a defined territorial jurisdiction, with specific administrative, legislative and legal bureaucracies through which the state’s power is exercised, where as the “government ” is composed of individuals who control the state apparatus and employ the power of the state at a given time.

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